Meaning, Glossary and Acronym > Computer and Web Terminology

Absolute address. A spreadsheet cell address (such as $B$15 in Lotus 1-2-3) that does not shift when the formula using it is copied into a new cell.

Accounting application software. Computer programs and related documentation that are used to perform the data processing for such accounting tasks as preparing payroll checks or maintaining accounts receivable files

Acoustic coupler. A type of modem that uses a telephone handset and audio (instead of digital) signals for data communication purposes.

ADA. A high-level programming language named after Lady Ada Augusta Byron that was developed for the Department of Defense and primarily is used for specialized control systems.

Address. A number used to designate a location in memory.

Address register. Locates where instructions and data are stored in memory.

Advanced microcomputer. A state-of-the-art microcomputer, typically used by business or in education or research applications, that has such advanced features as a hard disk, a large expandable memory, and the ability to accept a large number of peripheral devices.

Amplitude. The height of the carrier wave form in analog transmission; it indicates the strength of the signal.

Amplitude modulation. A change of the amplitude of the carrier wave in analog data transmission to represent either the 0 bit or 1 bit.

Analog computer. A device that transforms, manipulates, or stores data in analog forms -- for example, electrical voltage in vacuum tubes.

Analog data transmission. The use of radio waves, sound frequencies, and other analog data representations for transferring data, typically over long-distance communication lines.

Analytical graphics. Traditional line graphs, bar charts, and pie charts used to illustrate and analyze data.

APL. An acronym for "A Programming Language." This is a high-level programming language developed to express complex mathematical expressions in compact formats and used for scientific purposes

Application programs. Computer programs that perform end-user applications such as accounting or word processing (as opposed to operating-system or utility-program chores).

Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU). The portion of the CPU used for arithmetic operations (e.g., addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) and logic operations (e.g., comparing numbers to see if they are equal).

Arithmetic operations. Mathematical calculations performed on data by the ALU.

Artificial intelligence. The study and use of computers to replicate or improve upon such intelligent human thought processes as reasoning or learning.

ASCII. American Standard Code for Information Interchange. This is a common binary code in use today. A coding scheme using 7-bit characters to represent data characters.

Assembler. A program that translates assembly language programs into machine language so that the computer can execute the instructions.

Assembly language. A machine-dependent, second-level programming language. Each instruction typically consists of a name or label field, an operation code, an operand, and a comment field.

Asynchronous data transmission. A method of data communications that uses one or more "start bits" and "stop bits" for each character to indicate the beginning and ending of a character instead of a synchronized timing pattern.

Attenuation (of signal strength). The loss of signal strength during transmission over long distances.

Attribute. Column of a relation in a relational database.

Audio input. The use of sound to input data to a computer.

Audio response output. Computerized output that is translated into sounds or spoken language.

Autodial feature on modem. The ability of a modem to dial telephone numbers through the numeric keys of terminals or microcomputers, or directly through software.

Auto-answer. Automatic answering by a modem of incoming calls from another modem.

Automated report generation. A data base management system's ability to format, adjust, print, and re-create printed output.

Automatic teller machine (ATM). Machines at banks that process inputs and outputs -- for example, using magnetic strips affixed to cards.

Background mode. The ability of a computer program to execute certain instructions without user interaction, thereby freeing the computer for some more immediate ("foreground") chore.

Backup copy. A second copy of a computer program or file that is used in case the original copy is lost, stolen, damaged or destroyed.

Backup procedures. Procedures for copying data and programs onto spare magnetic disks or magnetic tapes to provide security.

Band printer. A line-at-a-time, impact printer. The characters of this printer are embossed on a metallic band and output an entire line at one time.

Band width. The data-carrying capacity of a data-communications channel.

Bar code reader. An input device that interprets bar codes such as the universal product code (UPC) found on supermarket items and inputs the data as digitized information to a computer.

Bar graph. A type of graph or picture that uses bars or heavy lines to depict data relationships.

BASIC. A high-level programming language that is easy to learn, yet possesses great power in writing formulas expressing input/output instructions. BASIC stands for Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.

Batch processing. Processing data in a group, or batch, as opposed to processing data singly in real time. Typically, the data is collected over time and processed periodically when the use of a computer is likely to be cost effective.

Baud. The number of signal changes in a communications channel per second, and therefore an important determinant of the speed at which data is communicated in data communications. Common baud rates are 300, 1200, 2400, 4800 and 9600 bits per second.

Bidirectional printing. The ability of the print head of a printer to print in both a forward and backward direction.

Binary code. A code composed of a set number of bits in which each different combination of bits is used to represent a different character (e.g., EBCDIC).

Binary coded decimal (BCD) code. A binary code that uses six bits to represent letters and numbers.

Binary digit (bit). The fundamental unit of storage in all digital computers. A binary digit has two settings, conventionally represented by "0" and "1".

Bit. The fundamental unit of storage in all digital computers. A binary digit has two settings, conventionally represented by "0" and "1".

Bit-mapping. Graphics in which picture elements (pixels) are controlled by a corresponding bit in computer memory. Each bit in memory is turned on or off as needed to make the associated screen pixel appear light or dark.

Blocked records. Two or more logical file records that have been groups together to form one physical record. When used on magnetic disk or tape, blocked records are separated form each other by interrecord gaps.

Boilerplate (word processing). Reports, form letters, and other prewritten documents that can be coordinated with mailing lists and other variable information to produce personalized hard-copy output.

Bold declaration. The imbedding of print-control characters in a word-processing document to make the text appear darker on a printed page.

Bold face. Printing of characters or words in darker type than the surrounding characters or words.

Boolean operator (in data base programs). An instruction that enables users to create more complex criteria for file searchers (e.g., OR, AND, or NOT).

Booting. Loading an operating system or application program into computer memory and then transferring control to it for execution.

Branching. A decision point in a program where the precessing logic much choose among tow or more paths.

Broadband channel. Data communications channels that are capable of transmitting large amounts of data. Broadband channels include coaxial cables, microwaves, communication satellites, and optical fibers.

Bubble memory. A garnet chip inclosing one or more thin layers of magnetic film. A bubble represents the presence of a bit and the lack of a bubble represents the absence of a bit.

Buffer memory. Temporary memory that is used to hold (buffer) input or output. This frees the CPU for other tasks.

Byte. A 8-bit group used to represent a single letter, number, or special symbol in a computer.

C. A sophisticated programming language invented by Bell Labs in 1974.

CAD. Computer-assisted design.

CAM. Computer-assisted manufacturing.

Carrier wave. An analog signal used in the transmission of electric signals.

Cathode ray tube (CRT). The major component of a visual display terminal and one that closely resembles the picture tube of a television screen.

Cell (in a spreadsheet). A memory location in a spreadsheet identified by its row and column coordinates and that is used to store labels, numbers, formulas, or instructions.

Cell referencing. Spreadsheet formulas that use the addresses of other cells (e.g., B4) as arguments.

Central processing unit (CPU). A device that performs the actual data processing tasks of a computer system.

Centronics (parallel) connector. A type of cable connector used for parallel data transmission. Most IBM-compatible microcomputers use centronics connectors for printers and related equipment.

Chain address. A data field in an index or record that contains the disk address of a related record. A chain address is also commonly called a pointer address.

Chain printer. An impact printer that can assemble an entire output line at one time. Multiple sets of character are arranged on a chain much like a bicycle chain.

Channel. A data communications path through a medium that data can take to accomplish a communications task.

Character. A letter, number, or special character (such as $).

Character addressable. Refers to computers that address data as a series of single characters.

Character-at-a-time printers. Printers that only print one character at a time; often called serial printers.

Character-oriented. Refers to word processing programs that display special characters on the screen that do not appear when the text is printed.

Check bit. Parity bit.

Clipboard. A temporary holding area where data is stored when being transferred between software applications in an integrated software package.

Clock. A component of the CPU that produces pulses at a fixed rate to synchronize all computer operations.

Clone. A personal computer that closely imitates the operation and architecture of the IBM Personal Computer.

Closed architecture. Personal computer design that limits add-ons to those that can be plugged into the back of the machine.

Coaxial cable. A copper or aluminum wire that is wrapped in one or more layers of insulating metallic and/or fibrous sheathing, and that protects the data-carrying wire from external electrical static and noise.

COBOL. A high-level programming language that uses instructions resembling English statements and imposes an overall framework for a program. COBOL stands for COmmon Business Oriented Language.

Coding. The process of writing instructions for a computer program in a specific language (e.g., BASIC or COBOL).

Command-driven system. The opposite of menu-driven software -- in other words, application software that requires the user to memorize commands rather than select options from a screen menu.

Command menu. The menu of commands in an applications software program such as Lotus 1-2-3.

Command program (in a data base). A program designed by a user to manipulate computer file data within a data base management system using the DBMS's command language.

Communications protocol. The conventions by which data is communicated between a sending station and a receiving station.

Compacted printing. The ability of a printer to compress print characters so that more of them can be printer in the same horizontal space -- for example, to print 132 characters in the space normally used for 80 characters.

Compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM). Optical data storage technology using disk formats identical to audio compact disks.

Compiler. A program that translates high-level programming language instructions into machine code.

Compressed printing. The ability of a printer to compress print characters so that more of them can be printer in the same horizontal space -- for example, to print 132 characters in the space normally used for 80 characters.

Computer. An electronic device with the ability to (1) accept user-supplied data, (2) input, store, and execute programmed instructions, (3) perform mathematical and logic operations, and (4) output results according to user specifications.

Computer-assisted design (CAD). A computerized application used primarily for research and design of new products.

Computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM). A computerized application used by industrial manufacturers to produce products.

Computer branch exchange (CBX). Telephone equipment such as PBX's or PABX's that are used to create a computer network with data-over-voice modems connected to standard telephone jacks.

Computer console. A device consisting of a monitor and a keyboard that is directly connected to the CPU. The console is used by a computer operator to monitor and control computer operations.

Computer hardware. Computer equipment such as a CPU, disk drives, CRT, or printer.

Computer program. A set of instructions that a computer can execute to accomplish a data processing task.

Computer software. Programs that instruct a computer how to process data and documentation that explains how these programs should be used.

Conditioned line (data communications). A telephone line or other data communications channel that has been specially protected from unwanted noise, static, or other interference.

Context switching. Changing from one software application to another -- for example, from a spreadsheet to a word processor -- while using an integrated software package.

Control unit. The component of the central processing unit responsible for fetching, interpreting, and supervising the execution of the instructions of computer programs.

Coprocessor. A microprocessor typically mounted on an expansion card that can speed computations in such applications as scientific simulations or statistical calculations.

Copy command (in spreadsheet). A spreadsheet option that allows users to copy existing formulas into other, unoccupied cells.

Copy protection. A software or hardware block that make it difficult or impossible to make unauthorized copies of software.

Correspondence quality printing. The print quality of dot-matrix printers that occurs when a second printing pass is completed to fill in the spaces between the dots made by the first pass.

CP/M. An abbreviation for "Control Program/Microcomputers." This is an operating system developed by Digital Research Corporation to run on 8-bit microcomputers.

CPU. Central processing unit.

CRT. Cathode ray tube.

Cursor. A tiny rectangle, dash, or line on a display screen that indicates where the user will input data.

Cursor-control keys (keyboard). Keys on terminal or microcomputer keyboards, usually designated with arrows, that position the screen cursor up, down, right or left.

Cut and paste. A word-processing term meaning to move text from one place to another within a document.

Cylinder. A vertically aligned set of tracks on a disk pack that are equidistant from the central spindle.

Cylinder addressing (on disk). The ability to locate disk records by assigning each one a cylinder number, surface number, and record count number.

Daisywheel printer. A serial, impact printer that uses a plastic or metal typing element to create characters on paper in a way similar to certain typewriters.

Data. A single fact, figure, or statistic that, out of context, often lacks meaning. Data is not analogous with information (data which has been processed and placed in a proper conceptual framework is referred to as information).

Data base. A set of one or more computer files that is used by one or more application programs and that minimizes data redundancy.

Data base management system (DBMS). Special computer programs that enable users and application programs to create, maintain, manipulate, and retrieve file data and create useful reports.

Data communications channel. A path that data can take for data communications -- e.g. telephone line, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, or a microwave frequency.

Data encryption. The process of translating communicated data into secret codes in order to safeguard this data.

Data field. The set of characters comprising a data item in a filed record (e.g., employee name, employee address, or employee social security number).

Data input screen. A template or model that is used to enter data for a programming application.

Data redundancy. Duplicate information that typically gets created on the files of related computer applications.

Data transcription. The process of converting source documents into machine-readable format for computer processing.

Data transmission. The process of sending data from one location to another location within a computer or between computers and/or equipment.

DBMS. Data base management system.

Dedicated computer. A computer specially configured to perform a single, data-processing function such as performing security tasks at a computer center.

Dedicated word processing system. A microcomputer or minicomputer that is developed, marketed, and used primarily for word processing applications.

Demodulation. Reconstruction of the original digital message after analog transmission.

Dependent variables. Outputs of a model, so called because they depend on the inputs.

Desktop publishing. The use of specialized hardware and software to crate professional-looking, high-quality text and graphics -- for example, an in-house weekly newspaper containing feature stories and maps of the local region.

Destructive write. What happens when existing data is replaced with new data in computer memory -- i.e., the old data is lost.

Device address. A unique location designator assigned to peripheral devices and used by a computer's operating system for identification purposes (e.g., two disk drives entitled "A" and "B").

Diagnostic error message. An error message that is output by a compiler (or similar program), indicating that one or more source-language instructions do not conform to prescribed rules of syntax and grammar.

Dial-back system. A computer security system in which a user dials the computer, enters a password, is disconnected from the computer, waits while the computer checks the password against a table, and finally is reconnected only if the password is found.

Digital computer. A device whose fundamental unit of storage is the binary digit or bit.

Digital data transmission. The use of discrete electrical pulses, light pulses, or other discrete signals to create binary codes for data communications. Until recently, the loss of signal strength limited the cost-effective use of digital data transmission to short distances.

Digitizer. A device that converts analog input into digital data.

Digitizing tablet. A graphics input device that allows the user to create images. It has a special stylus that can be used to draw or trace images, which are then converted to digital data that can be processed by the computer.

Direct access storage device (DASD). A device such as a magnetic disk that is able to assign a unique address to each data record.

Direct-connect modem. A modem connected directly to the telephone line.

Direct file organization. Organization of records so each is individually accessible.

Direct file processing. Processing that allows the user to access the record wanted directly by using a record key.

Directory (disk). A disk's table of contents, which stores the name of files stored on the disk and the sector locations where the starting record for each file can be found.

Disk drive. A device used to read data from, and write data to, a magnetic disk.

Documentation. Written or displayed information that explains how computer programs should be used.

Dot-addressable display. A graphics display screen that is divided into dots, each which can be illuminated.

Dot command. An instruction or command beginning with a period or dot.

Dot-matrix printer. A serial, impact printer that creates characters out of a "grid" or matrix of tiny dots.

Double-density diskette. A floppy disk that can store twice as many characters (about 360k) as a single-density disk.

Double-sided diskette. A floppy disk that can store data on both of its sides.

Downloading data. Transferring files, programs, or other data from a larger mainframe or minicomputer to a smaller minicomputer or microcomputer.

Draft quality printing. The relatively poor print quality created by the first pass of a dot-matrix printer.

Drum plotter. A hard-copy-producing device that creates plotted or graphic output and that uses a single arm to move a pen across its cylindrical, or drum, writing surface. The drum moves the paper forward and backward to enable the pen to draw in any vertical direction. This type of plotter is normally very expensive and used in conjunction with large scale computing operations.

Dumb terminal. A computer terminal that cannot be programmed to perform the "intelligent" tasks of a smart terminal.

Dvorak keyboard. A keyboard designed to be more efficient than the QWERTY keyboard, but one that has not gained popular use.

Dynamic partitioning. The ability of a computer operating system to divide the memory of the CPU into portions of varying sizes as needed to efficiently store several programs.

EBCDIC. Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code is a common binary code in use today. Established by IBM and used in IBM mainframe computers.

Eight-bit microcomputer. A microcomputer whose microprocessor can process only eight bits, or one byte, of data at a time.

Electron gun. The electronic component in a cathode ray tube (CRT), such as a television or monitor, that aims a stream of electrons against the screen's phosphor elements, thereby creating a screen image.

Electronically altered PROM (EAPROM). A programmable read-only chip that can be electronically erased and reprogrammed.

Electronically erased PROM (EEPROM). A programmable read-only chip that can be electronically erased and reprogrammed.

Electronic bulletin board. A file that is accessible to the users of a local area network and typically contains notices of current interest such as advertisements, messages, and announcements.

Electronic mail. The use of a computer for personal or business communications, in which users leave short, written message in each other's computer "mail boxes".

Electronic spreadsheet (ESS). A software program that creates a large number of cells, each of which can be referenced by its row and column coordinates. Because cells can store alphabetic or numeric data, formulas, or macro instructions, spreadsheet users can create many different types of worksheets electronically.

Emulation. The use of special control programs to make a new computer system "act" like an older one, thus enabling a business to execute its older programs while software conversion takes place.

Encryption. The process of scrambling computerized data using a predefined formula or algorithm in order to protect it during transmission or storage.

End user. Usually nontechnical individuals who use computer resources to accomplish daily tasks.

Erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM). A programmable read only memory that can be erased and programmed with special devices.

Erasable read only memory (EROM). A type of read only memory that can be erased by exposure to ultraviolet light.

Execution time (E-time). The portion of one machine cycle needed by a CPU's supervisory-control unit to execute an instruction.

Expansion card. Electronic components that have been wired onto a flat board and that slip into an expansion slot of a microcomputer.

Expansion slot. Physical areas in a central processing unit, especially microcomputers, that are used to install additional electronic components.

Explicit formatting. The use of observable print-control characters to plan the placement and appearance of output in a word processing document. These characters are suppressed for printing purposes and therefore do not appear on the output (i.e., users do not see on the screen what they get on paper).

Exploded pie chart. A type of graphic picture whose circular format resembles the slices of a pie, but with at least one of these pieces partially removed from the pie's center.

External data transmission. The transfer of data to either local or remote computers or equipment.

FAX (Facsimile) machine. A device for digitizing picture images and transmitting them over long distances -- typically over telephone lines.

Field. A set of character spaces reserved for a specified data item (such as an employee's last name) in a computer record. A set of related characters

Field mask. A designated area on a preformatted screen that identifies the field size for input data.

FIFO. First-in, first-out.

File. A set of computer records that have been stored together on tape or disk for some common data processing purpose. A collection of related records.

File management program. A program that allows the user to enter data on forms and make requests for particular types of data items.

Firmware. Computer software that has been permanently installed into a computer, and that performs tasks normally associated with computer hardware.

First-generation programming language. A machine language written in binary code and stored in primary memory.

First-in, first-out (FIFO). A method of prioritizing job requests in which the first user to request service gets it.

Fixed disk. A disk drive whose disk pack has been permanently mounted.

Fixed-length record. A computer record that uses the same amount of space as every other record on the file.

Flatbed plotter. A plotter using a bed or tray to hold paper in a fixed position. A single arm moves a pen both horizontally and vertically on the paper to produce inked output. This is the more economical version of a plotter.

Flat file. A collection of similar computer records in which each record on the file is the same as every other record in terms of importance or use.

Flat panel display screen. A liquid crystal display (LCD) screen that contains a grid of luminescent substances which glow when excited by electricity.

Floating point number. A number with significant digits to the right of the decimal point.

Floppy disk. A flexible mylar disk often used as secondary storage and commonly called a diskette.

Flowchart. The pictorial representation of an orderly step-by-step solution to a problem.

Font. The typestyle used in printing a document -- e.g., Roman, gothic, pica, or elite.

Footers. The lines of text that appear at the bottom of every page of a word-processing document.

Foreground mode. Computer processing that is immediately controllable by the user. The opposite of foreground mode is background mode.

Form letter. A letter created with a word processing system in which most of the information is standard and a limited amount of variable information (such as the recipient's name and address) is added from a separate file.

Formula (in spreadsheets). A calculation to be performed and stored in certain cells, typically using data from other cells.

Formula Display (in spreadsheets). A spreadsheet's ability to display the actual formula programmed in a particular cell instead of the value the formula computes.

FORTH. A language released by Charles Moore in 1975 that was designed for real-time control tasks, as well as business and graphics applications.

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator). The first high level language, introduced in 1954 by IBM; it is scientifically oriented.

Frequency. The number of times an analog signal repeats during a specific time interval.

Frequency modulation. The alteration of the carrier wave frequency to represent 0s and 1s.

Friction feed printers. A printer that uses friction, instead of tractor or pin feeders, to hold printer paper steady in its platen.

Full-duplex transmission. Data transmission in both directions at once.

Full-screen display. The ability to use 80 columns and 25 lines on a video display screen.

Function keys. Special keys programmed to execute commonly-used commands which are usually labeled "F1", "F2", etc.

Gallium arsenide. Speedy material used as a substitute for silicon in chipmaking.

Gantt chart. A bar chart commonly used to depict schedule deadlines and milestones.

General-purpose register. A register used for several functions, such as arithmetic and addressing purposes.

Generic operating system. An operating system that works with different computer systems.

Gigabyte (GB). One billion bytes.

GIGO. Garbage in, garbage out: The quality of the output is directly dependent on the quality of the input.

Graphics adapter board. A circuit board that enables an IBM Personal Computer to display pictures or graphs as well as text.

Graphics printer. A printer such as a dot-matrix printer that is capable of preparing graphics (such as charts or drawings) as well as text output.

Graphics system. A set of computer hardware and software for creating, storing, manipulating, changing, and outputting graphics images.

Graphics terminal. A terminal with the ability to produce pictures, line drawings, graphs, charts, and other pictorial displays in numerous eye-pleasing formats, often in color.

Grid chart. A row-and-column chart commonly used in the systems analysis phase of a computer project to document input and output specifications.

Half-duplex data transmission. Data transmission in either direction, but only one way at a time.

Hardcard. 10, 20 or more megabytes of hard disk on a board that fits into an expansion slot inside a personal computer.

Hard-copy output. Computer output that is permanent -- for example, output that is printed or graphed on paper.

Hard disks. 5 inch or 3 1/2 - inch Winchester disks in sealed modules.

Hard hyphenation. A permanent dash in a word document (e.g., as in the term "on-site").

Hard-sector disk. A disk with a hole in front of each sector, near the center of the diskette.

Hardware. The computer and its associated equipment.

Head crash. An accident caused by a read/write head touching (crashing) the disk, and which destroys the heads, disks, and data stored on the disk.

Headers. The lines of text that appear at the top of every page of word processing documents.

Help facility. A computer program's ability to provide users with on-screen explanations of system commands, formatting conventions, or usage techniques. A help facility is typically accessed by typing a function key -- for example, the F1 key.

Help key. A function key that enables a user to obtain additional explanatory information on the input requirements or acceptable codes of an application program.

Hexadecimal number system. A number system that uses 16 symbols to represent data.

Hierarchical model. A database model in which records in a file are associated in a one-to-many, or parent-child, relationship.

High-level languages. English-like programming languages developed after the development of symbolic languages.

IBM 360. The first third-generation computer. It was characterized by use of integrated circuits, was a general-purpose family of computers, and supported user migration through consistent instruction sets.

Icon. A small figure on the computer screen that represents a computer activity.

IEEE parallel port. An electrical connector that transmits 9 bits simultaneously along 9 or more wires.

Imbedded formatting. The use of "hidden" print-control characters that do not appear on a visual display screen to plan the placement and appearance of output in a word processing document. In large measure, the use of imbedded formatting enables users to see on screen what they get on a print page.

Impact printer. A printer that forms characters by physically striking the paper.

Independent variables. Inputs to a model, so called because they can be changed.

Index (in a data base). A table of record keys for a data-base file and a location entry indicating where the associated record for each key can be found.

Indexed file organization. Combination of sequential and direct file organization.

Indexed sequential access method (ISAM). A method of file organization in which records are stored sequentially but the location of these records is stored in one or more indexes.

Index files. Files that allow the same data to be presented in different sequential orders. They also allow the user quickly to search a database for a record.

Information. Processed data; data that is organized, meaningful, and useful. Facts, figures, or statistics that have meaning, typically because they are useful in reaching a decision.

Initialize. To set the starting values of certain program variables.

Ink Jet printer. A serial, non-impact printer that forms characters by spraying a very fine jet of magnetically charged ink through a nozzle.

Instruction time (I-time). The portion of one machine cycle required by the supervisory-control unit of a CPU to fetch an instruction from primary memory and decode the instruction.

Integrated circuit. A complete electronic circuit on a small chip of silicon. Miniaturized electronic circuits etched on silicon wager chips.

Internal modem. A modem on a circuit board that can be installed in a computer by the user.

Interpreter. A program that translates and executes high-level languages on instruction at a time.

Interrupt. Condition that causes normal program processing to be suspended temporarily.

I-time. The instruction portion of the machine cycle.

Job control language (JCL). A special programming language that programmers use to communicate with a computer's operating system.

Joy stick. A graphics input device that allows fingertip control on a CRT screen.

Key. Unique identifier for a record.

Keyboard. A common input device similar to the keyboard of a typewriter.

Kilobyte (KB). 1024 bytes or 8192 bits.

Labels (in spreadsheets). Headings, row titles, and other alphabetic text in a spreadsheet.

LAN. Local area network.

Laser memory. A type of secondary storage that uses a pit etched in a plastic medium by a laser. Also called videodisks.

Laser printer. A printer that uses a light beam to transfer images to paper.

Letter-quality printer. A printer, such as a daisy wheel, ink jet or laser printers, that produces high-quality output.

Light pen. A graphics input device that allows the user to interact directly with the computer screen.

Line printer. A printer that assembles all characters on a line at one time and prints them out practically simultaneously.

Liquid crystal display (LCD). The flat display screen found on laptop computers.

LISP (LISt Processing). A language designed to process nonnumeric data; popular for writing artificial intelligence programs.

Local area network (LAN). A network designed to share data and resources among several computers.

Logical file. A conceptual file that satisfies the data requirements of an application program (i.e., how the application programs wants information in the file to appear).

Logical operations. Comparing operations. The ALU is able to compare numbers, letters, or special characters and take alternative courses of action.

Logical record. A record written by an applications program. One record in a file containing information about one file entity.

Logic function. A predefined spreadsheet formula that is normally used to test data for a specific condition -- for example, an IF test.

Logic operations. The ability to compare two pieces of data to determine if they are equal or which is larger.

LOGO. A language developed at MIT by Seymore Papert that features commands that move a "turtle" on the CRT screen.

Looping. The process of executing the same instructions over and over.

Low-level programming language. A computer programming language such as machine language or assembly language requiring instructions to be written at a very detailed, hardware-dependent level.

Machine cycle. Combination of I-time and E-time.

Machine language. The lowest level of language that represents information as 1s and 0s. A first generation computer language.

Macro instructions (in spreadsheets). A mini-program or sets of spreadsheet instructions that enable users to avoid repetitive keystrokes when constructing or manipulating a spreadsheet.

Magnetic disk. An oxide-coated disk on which data is recorded as magnetic spots.

Magnetic-ink character recognition. A method of machine-reading characters made of magnetized particles. Used by banks for check processing.

Mailing list. A computerized file of names and addresses that is used to distribute printed documents.

Mail merge. A word processing option that enables users to merge the variable information (such as name and address information) of one file with the standard information of a memo, letter, or other document stored in a second file.

Mainframe computer. A fully configured computer intended for substantial, high-volume data processing. It contains large primary memory, substantial processing capabilities, the ability to attach numerous peripheral devices, and data communication capabilities.

Megabyte (MB or M). One million bytes of computer storage.

Megahertz. Millions of cycles per second -- a measure of the processing speed of a microprocessor.

Memory. The electronic circuitry that temporarily holds data and program instructions needed by the CPU.

Menu. A set of processing choices displayed on a computer display screen.

Menu-driven. Systems that give users of video terminals a list of selections and prompts from which to make choices. Menu-driven systems are usually considered user-friendly systems.

Microcomputer. The smallest and least-expensive computer. Often called a lap-top microcomputer, personal computer, or portable microcomputer.

Microprocessor. A chip in a microcomputer that contains the arithmetic/logic and control functions. The speed of a microprocessor is measured in megahertz.

Microsecond. One millionth of a second.

Microwave. High-frequency radio waves that can transmit data signals up to 40 miles

Minicomputer. A computer that is larger than a microcomputer and less powerful than a mainframe computer.

MIPS. MIPS stands for millions of instructions per second -- a method of measuring the computational speed of microprocessor chips.

Modem. A data communications device standing for "modulator-demodulator" and which translates digital signals into analog ones (and vice versa).

Modulation. The process of converting a signal form digital to analog.

Monitor. A video display screen commonly used with microcomputers and graded by its display size, display resolution, graphics capabilities, and ability to display outputs in a single color (monochrome) or several colors.

Monochrome. A computer screen that displays information in only on color on a black or dark background.

Mother board. The major physical connector for the expansion slots of a microcomputer and also the electronic components into which cards are installed.

Mouse. A small box with a round ball on the bottom and one or more depression-switches on the top. It is attached to a terminal or microcomputer by a cable and commonly used to draw figures or point to menu choices on a CRT screen.

MS-DOS. A disk operating system developed for microcomputers by Microsoft, Inc. that resides on a floppy disk instead of primary memory.

Multiplexer. A data communications device that allows several users to share communication channels.

Multitasking. A microcomputer or operating system's ability to perform several tasks concurrently -- for example, through the use of several active onscreen "windows".

Network. A computer system that uses communications equipment to connect two or more computers and their resources.

Network data base. A data base structure that enables file designers to create complex relationships among file records with pointer addresses and record chains.

Nibble. Half a byte or four bits.

Node. A microcomputer in a network.

Nonimpact printer. Printers that do not use page striking to create images. Examples are ink jet printers and laser printer.

Numerical key pad. A ten-key pad on a keyboard used to enter numerical data.

Object code (object program). Computer program instructions that have been translated into machine language.

Object module. Machine-language version of a program produced by a compiler or assembler.

OCR. Optical character recognition.

Octal numbering system. A number system based on eight symbols.

OEM. Original equipment manufacturer.

On-line. Refers to processing in which terminals are directly connected to the computer.

On-screen editing. The ability to change screen-displayed data -- for example, by using the backspace key and retyping -- in order to correct mistakes or change input.

Open architecture. Personal computer design that allows additional circuit boards to be inserted in expansion slots inside the computer to support add-ons.

Operating environment. A comfortable operating system environment in which the user does not have to memorize or look up commands.

Operating system. A set of programs through which a computer manages its own resources.

Optical bar code. A type of code consisting of several machine-readable vertical lines or bars. The UPC bare code is commonly used to identify merchandise inventory items.

Optical-character recognition (OCR) devices. Input devices that use a light source to read special characters and convert them to electrical signals to be sent to the CPU.

Optical read-only memory (OROM). Optical storage media that cannot be written to but can be used to supply software or data.

Optical-recognition system. A system that converts optical marks, optical characters, handwritten characters, and bar codes into electrical signals to be sent to the CPU.

Output. Raw data that has been processed into usable information.

Output devices. Devices, such as printers, that make processed information available for use.

Overstrike printing. The way most dot-matrix and daisywheel printers create bold characters -- i.e., by printing over the same character on the print page.

PABX (Private Automated Branch Exchange). A telephone switching system that enables a large number of internal telephones to share a smaller number of external "outside" voice lines. Some PABXs can also be used to create a data-over-voice communication channel for a LAN.

Page-at-a-time printer. Fast printers that print a page-at-a-time (e.g., laser printer).

Page formatting. The margins and other print settings in a word processing system, DBMS, or other software package that enable users to create useful and convenient printed output. Many packages also enable users to store these setting in separate files (style sheets) for later use.

Parallel data processing. The ability of a computer to execute several instructions concurrently instead of sequentially.

Parallel data transmission. The simultaneous transmission of bits along several wires.

Parameters (in spreadsheets). Values in spreadsheets that remain constant for any single analysis but that can be varied in subsequent analyses.

Parity bit. An extra bit added to each byte to alert the computer if a bit is incorrect.

Parity checking. A data-testing procedure for checking the accuracy of data communications. A ninth, parity bit is attached to each byte and tested for a proper setting after transmission has taken place.

Partitioned memory. A method of dividing the main memory of a CPU into workspaces and allocating one partition to each user.

PASCAL. A high-level programming language widely used in such academic disciplines as computer sciences and engineering. Pascal instructions are simple to express and impose structure upon programming logic.

PBX. Private branch exchange.

PC-DOS. A special version of the MS-DOS operating system developed for IBM microcomputers.

Peripheral equipment. Hardware devices that surround the CPU and are physically attached to it.

Phantom disk. Portion of the volatile RAM memory which is used as if it were a diskette.

Phase. The relative position in time of one complete cycle of a wave.

Picosecond. One trillionth of a second.

Pixel. Picture element on a computer display screen.

Presentation graphics. High-quality business or educational graphics designed to allow the user to share information with others.

Private branch exchange (PBX). A telephone multiplexer connecting a large number of inside telephone lines or extensions to a smaller number of metered outside lines.

Processor. The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer

Program. A set of step-by-step instructions that directs a computer to perform specific tasks and produce certain results.

Programming language. A set of rules that instructs a computer what operations to perform.

PROM. Programmable read-only memory.

Prompt. A signal that the computer or operating system is waiting for a command from the user.

Protocol. A set of rules for the exchange of data between a terminal and a computer or between two computers.

Psuedocode. An English-like way of representing structured programming control structures.

Quad density diskette. A floppy disk that is able to store more than four times the amount of data of a single-density diskette -- typically in excess of 1 megabyte.

Queues. Areas on disk in which programs waiting to be run are kept.

QWERTY keyboard. The standard keyboard used on most conventional typewriters and computer terminals.

RAM disk. A chip that lets the computer regard part of its memory as an additional disk drive.

RAM-resident program. A program that stays in memory background, ready to be activated when needed.

Random-access memory (RAM). Memory that provides volatile temporary storage for data and program instructions

Raster-scan. Video display technology in which electronic beams cause the CRT screen to emit light to produce a screen image.

Read. to bring data outside the computer into memory.

Read-only media. Media recorded on by the manufacturer that can be read from but not written to by the user.

Read-only memory (ROM). Memory that can be read only and remains after the power is turned off. Non-volatile memory.

Read/write head. An electromagnet that reads the magnetized areas on magnetic media and converts them into the electrical impulses that are sent to the processor.

Real-time processing. Processing in which the results are available in time to affect the activity at hand.

Record. A collection of related fields.

Record structure (in data base files). The composition of a typical data base record, including such characteristics as the name of each data field, its length, its type, and the number of decimal places to use if the field is of numeric type.

Refreshed. refers to the maintenance of the image on a CRT screen.

Register. A temporary storage area for instructions or data.

Relational data base. A data base that relies on external tables or indexes for storing and retrieving file information.

Relational model. A database model that organizes data logically in tables.

Relative address. Those cell addresses in spreadsheet formulas that are automatically adjusted to reference new, relative locations when copied. For example, @SUM(B1..B5) becomes @SUM(C1..C5) when copied from cell B6 to cell C6.

Report generator. A feature of a database management system that allows the user to prepare common types of business reports without using a programming language.

Resolution. Clarity of a video display screen or on the printed page.

Retrieval. Recovery of data stored in a computer system.

Reverse video. The capability to switch the two contrasting colors on a visual display screen.

Right-justified. Refers to an even right margin in a computer document.

RGB monitor. Refers to red, green, and blue colors which are used to produce color video images on the video screen.

RS232 serial port. An electronic connector on a piece of computer equipment that transmits bits sequentially along a single wire.

Scan rate. The number of times a CRT screen is refreshed in a given time period.

Screen. A television-like output device that displays data and output.

Screen-oriented. Refers to a word processing program that displays on the screen exactly what will be printed on paper.

Scrolling. A word processing feature that allows the user to view any part of the document on the screen in 20-line chunks.

Search and replace. A word processing function that finds and changes each instance of a repeated item.

Secondary storage. Additional storage for data and programs that is separate from the CPU and memory.

Sector method. A method of organizing data on a disk in which each track is divided into sectors that hold a specific number of character.

Seek time. The time required for an access arm to position over a particular track on a disk.

Semiconductor. A crystalline substance that conducts electricity when it is "doped" with chemical impurities.

Semiconductor storage. Data storage on a silicon chip.

Sequential file organization. Organization of records in sequential order by key.

Sequential file processing. Processing in which records are usually in order according to a key field.

Serial processing. Processing in which one program must finish running before another can begin.

Shell. An operating environment layer that separates the operating system from the user.

Simplex transmission. Transmission of data in one direction only.

Single-density diskette. A floppy disk capable of storing a limited amount of data -- e.g., less than 100L of data per side.

Single-sided diskette. A floppy disk that can only be recorded on one side.

Site license. A license permitting a customer to make multiple copies of a piece of software.

Smart terminal. A terminal that can do some processing, usually to edit data it receives.

Soft-sectored disk. A disk whose sectors are determined by the software.

Software. Instructions that tell a computer what to do.

Software piracy. Unauthorized copying of computer software.

Sort. An operation that arranges data into a particular sequence.

Sort key field. The data field in each computer record of a file that is used to sequence the records themselves -- for example, employee's social security numbers in payroll records.

Source document. Original paper containing data to be prepared as input to a computer.

Speech recognition. The process of presenting input data to the computer through the spoken word.

Speech synthesis. The process of enabling machines to talk to people.

Spelling checker program. A word processing program that checks the spelling in a document.

Split screen (in spreadsheets). A user's ability to view two separate portions of a worksheet at the same time.

Spooling. A process in which files to be printed are placed temporarily on disk.

Spreadsheet. A worksheet divided into rows and columns that can be used to organize and present business data.

Stand-alone programs. Individual programs, such as word processing and spreadsheet programs.

Storage register. A register that temporarily holds data taken from or about to be sent to memory.

Subroutine. A group of instructions within a computer program that performs a specific function (e.g., print report headings).

Supercomputer. The largest and most powerful category of computers (i.e., Cray II).

Supervisor program. An operating system program that controls the entire operating system and calls in other operating system programs from disk storage as needed.

Synchronous transmission. Data transmission in which characters are transmitted together in a continuous stream.

Syntax errors. Errors in use of programming language.

Table look-up (in spreadsheets). The ability of a spreadsheet to reference a table and assign a data value based on the table entry to a spreadsheet cell.

Tab settings. Right and left margin and "ruler settings" settings in a word processing program that designates the horizontal positions where the cursor should align when the "tab" key on the keyboard is depressed.

Telecommunications. The use of telephone lines to transmit computer data over long distances.

Teleconferencing. A system of holding conferences by linking geographically disbursed people together through computer terminals or personal computers.

Template (in spreadsheets). A skeleton or data outline in a spreadsheet, containing the appropriate labels and formulas of a required report but lacking variable user information.

Terminal. A device that consists of an input device, an output device, and a communications link to the main terminal.

Thesaurus program. With a word processing program, this program provides a list of synonyms and antonyms for an overused word in a document.

Touch pad. A computer input device consisting of a flat pad with a special pin and an electronically sensitive grid.

Touch screen. A computer screen that accepts input data by letting the user point at the screen to select a choice.

Track. On disk, one of many data-holding concentric circles.

Tractor feed. An attachment that enables a printer to feed continuous-form paper using the paper's prepunched sprocket holes.

Transistor. A small device that transfers electrical signals across a resistor.

Translator. A program that translates programming language into machine language.

Tree structure. A hierarchical data structure using parent-child relationships to organize file records.

Turnkey system. A completely assembled, fully configured computer system of hardware and compatible software that theoretically only needs to be plugged in, turned on, and loaded with data to begin operating.

UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer). The first computer built for business purposes.

Universal product code (UPC). A code number unique to a product that is represented on the product's label in the form of a bar code.

UNIX. A generic multiuser, time-sharing operating system developed in 1971 at Bell Labs.

Update. Keeping files current by changing data as appropriate.

Uploading data. The transfer of data from a small microcomputer or minicomputer to a larger minicomputer or mainframe computer.

Upward compatibility. Old programs and data files that can also be run or read by new software releases or revisions.

User friendly. Refers to software that is easy for a novice to use.

Utility programs. Programs that perform routine file conversions and sort/merge operations.

Vacuum tube. An electronic tube used as a basic component in the first generation of computers

Variable length. Refers to records containing different numbers of character.

Video display terminal (VDT). A terminal with a screen.

Video graphics. Computer-produced animated pictures.

Virtual memory or storage. A condition in which part of the program is stored on disk and is brought into memory only as needed.

Virus. A segment of program code which is self-perpetuating and can corrupt other files.

VisiCalc. The first electronic spreadsheet for personal computers.

Volatile. Refers to the loss of data in semiconductor storage when the current is interrupted or turned off.

Winchester disk. A disk drive in which the disks, access arms, and read/write heads are combined in a sealed module. A special type of hard disk with rigid disk platters.

Window (in spreadsheets). Any portion of a worksheet or split screen of a worksheet displayed on the screen at a given time.

Word (of computer memory). Four bytes or thirty-two bits.

Word processing. Computer-based creation, editing, formatting, storage and printing of text.

Word wrap. A word processing feature that automatically starts a word at the left margin of the next line if there is not enough room on the line.

Write-protect. The user's ability to protect the encoding on a floppy disk by covering a small notch on the outside of the diskette.

WYSIWYG. "What you see is what you get," an acronym referring to scree-oriented word processing programs.

Xenix. An operating system written especially for IBM-compatible microcomputers to serve in a time-sharing environment.

Zoom (windows). A software option that allows users to expand the size of a display window, thereby revealing more detailed graphics images or written information on-screen.

Web Terms

Anchors: See Link.

Attachments:

Including documents in HTML form to others via your email. (Note: Not all computers can accept attachments. Furthermore, many viruses are transmitted via attachments, therefore Canmore Press recommends not opening attachments.)

Background: Image behind text in HTML document

Browser:

Computer software/Internet software that allows your computer to "browse" through world wide web sites. (Example: Microsoft Explorer; Netscape)

Browser Safe colors: Colors that will not "shimmer" on a computer screen.

Cache:

Collection of documents on your hard drive enabling your computer to display previously downloaded visited sites without having to download them again. (Note: Cache needs to be trashed regularly so computer does not crash.

Computer hardware:

Physical computer case, hard drive, screen, printer, modem, cables, etc.

Computer software:

Computer programs that allow user to create documents (word processor, spread sheets, read email, etc. (Examples: Microsoft Word, Excel, Adobe Photoshop)

Cookies:

Think of Hansel and Gretal leaving a trail of cookies so that they could return home. Cookies, a validation program external to your computer, allow you to leave contact information (for your convenience, for example: for visited sites to recognize your computer).

Diskette: External hardware storing documents or software

Domain: General name for one or group of computers.

Download:

Moving email or any other data from your Service Provider/Server to your computer via a phone or cable connection

Download time:

Time it takes for a page and its graphics to become visible to the viewer.

DVD:

Industry-standard multimedia format. (DVD-ROMs play; DVD-RAMS play/write as high capacity storage)

E-mail:

Electronic transmission of message from one party to another via computer and phone lines or computer and cable.

E-mail address:

One of a kind addresses assigned to you.

External Link: A "hot" link (image or words) allowing viewer to move to a new site (external site), or send e-mail.

Floppy:

External hardware storage for documents or software. (old technology)

Frame: Single page in web site.

Frameset:

Combining information from several "pages" into one page, usually first page seen on www.

FTP: File Transfer Protocol

GIF: Graphic Image Format

Host: See Service Provider

Hot Link: See Link.

HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language; universal language for web pages

HTML Document: Any document typed in HTML and transmittable over the web.

http:// Hyper text transfer protocol - "language" to access a web page

Internal Link: A "hot" link (image or words) allowing viewer to move within the existing site from one location to another.

Internet Provider: See Service Provider

IP: Internet protocol.

ISP: Internet Service Provider; see Service Provider

Java Script: A computer language (webpage) including applets

JPEG: A universal format for web images especially good for photographs

Key Words:

Words used by search and indexing services (spiders) to determine placement of web pages in listings.

Keyboard: Keys for typing.

Link:

Image or words "hot linked" or connected to other material so that by clicking them, a viewer can move from one location to another within a website (internal link) or to a new site (external site), or send e-mail.

Login: Your account name, also known as username.

Meta Tags:

Hidden script used by search and indexing services (spiders) to determine placement of web pages; is becoming old technology because of lack of uniformity and control.

Mirror Site:

A copy of a busy site that someone elects to copy to make them more readily available to others (think NASA, outer space info).

Modem:

From "modulation/de-modulation". Hardware used to connect computer to phone line for the purpose of establishing web or email connections.

Mouse:

Key assistant, allows pre-configured shortcuts; controlled by one, two, or sometimes three rapid clicks, or may designed to be a 1, 2, or 3 button mouse.

OT/PPP: Open Transport/Point to Point Protocol

Password:

Letters or numbers known only to you for purpose of securing your web/email connections.

Perl: A computer webpage language

PPP: Point to Point Protocol.

Preferences:

File within each software program allowing user to set "preferences" to her or his personal choices.

Programmer: Anyone who "writes" computer software

Provider: See Service Provider

Refresh: Button on web browsers overriding cache memory so webpages/images will re-load.

Search Engines:

Computer Companies who specialize in cataloging world wide web pages so visitors can more easily seek particular sites.

Secure Page or Secure area:

A secure encryption; usually noted when you wish to order something and must give your credit card number.

Server: See Provider

Service Provider:

Also known as Host, Internet Service Provider (ISP), Provider, Server, Web Server, Web Provider. A company that houses (hosts) your website and email data, dispenses your website upon demand, and collects your email for you to download at your convenience.

Spider:

Search Engine computer program that seeks and "reads" web content to determine placement in Search Engine "catalog".

TCP/IP: Terminal Connect Protocol/Internet Protocol (from UNIX language)

telnet://

Computer program allowing user to connect to his or her Service Provider from a Guest location.

Updating: Changing the Dynamic information in your website to keep it current.

Upload: Moving documents from Webmaster's to Service Provider's machine.

URL:

Uniform Resource Locator; or in other words, your www.address. (Example: http://www.canmorepress.com)

User: Anyone using computer

Username: Your account name, also known as Login.

Webmaster: Person who designs and/or manages websites

Web page: "Page(s)" seen by visitor to your www.site.

Web server: See Provider

Web Server, Server, Provider, Web Provider, ISP (Internet Service Provider), Host, Domain:

Terms loosely and sometimes inaccurately used to describe the same service.

www: World Wide Web (International)

www.something.com:

Commercial webpage address. (Example: canmorepress.com; amazon.com; clayimprints.com)

www.something.edu:

Educational web address. (Example: kentstate.edu.)

www.something.gov:

USA Government site

www.something.net:

Provider web address (example:bv.net)

www.something.org:

Organization webpage address. (Example: AFSC.org)

www.something.state.fl:

State of Florida government

www.something.ca:

Canada

www.something.uk:

United Kingdom

www.something.de:

Germany